Comparative analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Comparative analysis - Essay Example Thesis statement: The analysis and comparison of Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast in Australia proves that these beaches comprise of a number of similarities and dissimilarities in history, importance, geographical setting, tourism, economy, and infrastructure development. Usually, comparative analysis consists of comparing and contrasting two themes, topics or theories. Here, the comparative analysis is based upon two tourist areas, Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast in Australia. Before comparing the foretold topic, it is important to analyze the history and importance of the same. The history of Gold Coast is deeply rooted among the aborigines of Australia. For instance, the aborigines called the foretold area as ‘Kurrungul’, the place from where they used to collect hardwood for their traditional weapons. The local tribes used to camp near Gold Coast because of the abundance of fresh water supply. The geographical exploration undertaken by Captain Cook in 1770 helped the outer world to know more about this area. Later, in 1840, Dixon (surveyor) authorized by the government renamed the Gold Coast and its surrounding areas. But another surveyor, General Sir Thomas Mitchell helped to regain the older names like Currumbin Creek, Kurrawa etc. Later, the foretold areas underwent rapid change and were transformed to farms and fields. For instance, the foretold areas became the core of industrialization. But in 1933, Gold Coast was renamed as Surfers Paradise. This helped Gold Coast to be an important tourist hot spot in Australia. The development in 1950s attracted a number of entrepreneurs to this area. Gradually, this area became a holiday spot for entertainment. Now, Gold Coast is one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in Australia. As pointed out earlier, Gold Coast acts the role of an important tourist destination in Australia. The Gold Coast map (see

Literature Review on Marketing Essay Example for Free

Literature Review on Marketing Essay This part of the thesis deals with the research and critical comments on various literatures related with the marketing activities that can be implemented by a firm to improve their business performance. Marketing Strategy: According to Ferrell and Hartline (2010) Marketing Strategy is both art and science where the firm finds or plans ways to deliver their value by fulfilling the needs wants of their potential customers. This helps in determining the marketing mix and analyzing the competitive advantage of the firm by implementing and presenting new ideas so as to satisfy their customers. Employing strategies helps in increasing the level of sales by branding, advertising promotion. So as per the authors (Ferrell Hartline, 2010) the points that are to be taken under consideration by a firm to properly establish a marketing strategy are discussed below: Firstly, a proper marketing plan is to be established as it helps in providing the necessary detailed outline to carry out the marketing program for a firm. As per the authors ,the marketing plan is not at all similar to a business plan; but a business plan contains a marketing plan along with financial, capital and human resource. Therefore, the core means to accomplish the desired goals objectives of an organisations marketing strategy is through its well defined marketing plan. Secondly, a firm must aim in seeking marketing opportunities available by collecting and analyzing the information. The technique used for data collection analysis is through situation analysis; which is a process of data collection that describes the current future issues trends that can have an effect on the internal, customer, external environments respectively (Ferrell Hartline, 2010). This helps in making the strategy by identifying the environment of the business is dealing in and analyze whether the plan will be beneficiary or not before implementation. Then, a Marketing expansion is to be made by identifying in the best interest of the their customers using marketing tools like segmentation targeting and this can be calculated by identifying the customers buying process because it will help the managers in realizing who are their customers what exactly do the customers want (Ferrell Hartline, 2010). Finally, the firm has to implement the plan but must execute certain  activities to increase employee motivation and commitment in achieving the desired goals and objectives effectively by controlling evaluating the marketing strategy as per the plan proposed. Therefore, implementation of marketing strategy is incomplete without a control mechanism (Ferrell Hartline, 2010). The key in effective strategic controlling is by maintain an appropriate communication system and the managers must make business decisions as per the interest of the organisation and its customers. Thus, marketing strategy is a never ending process making it important for the managers to monitor and evaluate the outcomes of the plan that has being implemented for future benefits as it can allow the firm to concentrate on its limited available resources seek their opportunities to increase sales and achieve a competitive edge. By this we can say that strategy plays a key role for a company to be successful in a way that can obtain benefit against its competitors. Analysis of the environment: According to Richard Lynch (2006), analysis of the business environment for an organisation is certainly an important part for this report, as in a much broader sense it helps to describe everything and everyone outside the firm. This includes customers, competitors, suppliers, distributors, government and social Institutions. The following will briefly explain about few marketing analysis that are to be considered for gaining a competitive advantage. The Strategic Analysis is a part of the environmental analysis that contributes in strategically analyzing of the environment by firstly, measuring the Market Size which will enable a firm in assisting and developing a strategy task, then the Market Growth for comprehending how much the market has grown over the years as the growth mainly relates to the organisation’s objectives lastly, the Market Share to realize how much portion does the firm consume take benefit within the market in comparison with its major competitors (Lyn ch, 2006). But for this to be applied the market must first be defined properly meaning the company must realise exactly in which particular market or markets it is entering. The PESTEL Analysis basically defines the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental Legal factors that can affect the firm as it offers a  valuable starting point of the overall environment surrounding an organisation (Lynch, 2006). Though the PESTEL analysis is depend on past events and experience, but the analysis can be used as a forecast of the future by the managers. Although, this analysis is effective but must be updated on a regular basis as over time the lifestyles, regulations, culture and technology keeps on changing. The Degree of turbulence at the general level of environmental analysis considers the basic conditions surrounding the organisation (Lynch, 2006). Special attention needs to be directed to the nature and strength of the forces driving the change in the dynamics of the environment and the environmental forces that immediate the organisation can be measured according to firstly the Changeability which is the degree of the environment that is likely to change the Predictability which is the degree of those changes that can be predicted. Lastly, the managers of an organisation must determine the Key Factors of success that helps the organisation in achieving their main goals objectives as the resources, skills and attributes of an organisation that are vital to bring success in the market place (Lynch, 2006). Usually calculating measuring the environmental analysis mentioned by the author Lynch; takes a lot of time money of the company in determining the industry market by statistical tools which is not accurate making it risky also based on the external factors that keeps on changing making it difficult for every firm to apply the analysis up to its full potential. But, still using Environmental Analysis helps the managers in making effective business marketing decisions by determining the market industry in which the organisation deals in identifying the essentials parts that are worth exploring to recognize the success that the firm has by gaining potential for customer satisfaction differentiating itself from its competitors. The Analysis of the Industry’s Competitive Strategy: Competitiveness of a firm is its capability to achieve its targets. These targets are likely to be conveyed in a range of position depending on the context (Barney 2002). From abusiness perspective, a competitive firm requires to survive in the market and achieve the desired market share and  profitability. The success of a competitive firm can be calculated by obtaining their current position in the defined market. According to Michael E. Porter’s (1985), the best model in realizing a firm’s current situation is by Porter’s five forces model. This identifies the competitive strategy that an operating business has aims at defeating its rival companies. According to Porter (1985), the guidelines of rivalry are characterized into â€Å"five competitive forces†. These competitive forces are entry to the new competitors, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, and rivalry among the existing competitors. Porter (1985 ) further explains that the industry arrangement is reasonably stable, but can altered over time as the industry progresses, and the strong points of these competitive forces varies from one industry to another. Based on this model there’s ahelp in analyzing the bargaining power of buyer’s which willeffect the price that a firm can charge.The power of suppliers defines the costs of raw materials; the intensity of rivalry influences prices of competing. The threat of entry places a boundary on prices, and outlines the investment vital to put offnew competitors; Threats from substitutes usually pose a threat whenever there is a technological or low-cost breakthrough. Chaffey (2002) supports Porter’s model forces as it still provides a useable framework for studyingthe threats arising. The value of Porters model enables managers to think about the current industry that is in a structured and easy-to-understand system for further analysis. But, the above model’s framework is fundamentally fixed, while the competitive environment in general is constantly changing and it does not apply to a nonprofit type of organisation (Lynch, 2006). It also assumes that the buyers have no major significance than the aspect of the micro-environment; But the customer are always considered to be more important than other aspects of competitive strategy development process. Thus in order to solve these issues the SWOT analysis can be implemented (Lynch, 2006). As the SWOT analysis determines the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for a firm with in the environment it operates. Even though the model has been questioned with few critical remarks but for the managers of any major firm this model still demonstrates to be a useful for a competitive strategic analysis within the industry. So, there is no doubt that this is the best model that aims at defeating the major competitors in the market. Customer Relationship Analysis: According to Nigel Hill, Greg Roche Rachel Allen (2007), Customer Satisfaction is all about how a firm succeeds in maintaining their customers as top of their agenda. This further identifies the 3r’s of customer loyalty which are Retention, Related Sales Referrals. The 3r’s are basically the customer’s behavior that must staying longer, chose to use more of the services/products by a firm. This can be further useful by helping in noticing the customers Attitudes Behavior towards the firm and prove to be effective for the firm’s achievement of their goals in satisfying their customers. Thus, to improve customer satisfaction organisation’s should focus on its resources on areas where they are least meeting the essential of their customer requirements. But as per the authors (Hill, Roche Allen, 2007) ‘The profitability of customers increases the longer you keep them’ meaning is that the value of a customer typically increases over time by identifying a customer lifetime value by the following points. An Acquisition is a process of acquiring customers occurs wholly in the first year with a functioning business organisation i.e. before just after becoming a customer. The Base Profit is the difference between sales revenue earned by a particular good or service and the cost to produce or provide that good or service. The Revenue growth will increase when the customers are satisfied as a satisfied customer have a tendency to buy or use more of the firm’s products or services. Customer satisfaction also leads to Cost Savings as long term customers will cost lesser in providing services as they became familiar with the organisation’s techniques are more likely to get what they expect. In Referrals a highly satisfied customers will recommend and even applaud the product or service to their family friends which thus brings more customer by eliminating the cost of acquisition of a customer. The long term customers who are satisfied with what the organisation has to offer will be also ready to pay a Price Premium meaning a higher price since they trust the product or service which results in adding value of the firm. According to Lynch (2006) The Internal Analysis is very crucial as it adds further value for an organisation which in turn is beneficiary for them if they take time in analyzing their business performance through which they can improve the overall customer satisfactory level. Hencethe firm must make in-depth analysis of their departments to determine which areas are to be immediately improved. Overall, it is very important a responsibility of an organisation to establish a well refined relationship with their customer in such a way that satisfies them and results in earning more profits establishing a competitive edge on a long term basis. The Market Segmentation: According to Sally Dibb Lyndon Simki (1996), the market segmentation aims to identify groups of customers with similar needs and then the firm tries to select their segments by targeting thus determining how to position their products/services that helps to appeal in the targeted market of a region. This over all helps the firm in realizing which type of consumers are there and whether they prefer or like the services/products that the firm has to offer and this can be measured by making a research and getting at most possible feedback from the existing customers. The Segmentation process of a market segmentation comprises of three diverse portions namely Segmentation, Targeting Positioning. It is very important to fully understand how different can the markets be segmented before making a final decision. It is clear that there are three points in the process at which assistance is defiantly necessary. As there is a need to recognize the categories of factors that will contribute t o a positive result. During the analysis, it is important to create the qualities that emerging segments display. After the segmentation output has been confirmed, direction is needed for the criteria to review the desirability of the different segments. (Dibb Simki, 1996) The most commonly used way is arranged in few steps, that tells that segments should exhibit measurability, so that segment size and  prospective can be measured; substantiality, so that the segments are sizeable to be profitable; accessibility, to reach the customers in the segments; actionability, letting segments to assist successfully with marketing programmes and lastly; stability, so that resources can be safely financed (Kotler, 1994). This is clearly aimed at managers during the segmentation process, as it shows features that are in contradiction to emerging segments that can be matched. The problem concerning with market segmentation compared to the authors comments (Dibb Simki, 1996) is the fact that marketers sometimes fail to produce a usable segmentation answer as it is very difficult for them to analysis information that is constantly changing making the data material collected not precise. On top of that, this analysis is mainly based on statistical information which is at certain point difficult to calculate accurate information as statistical data are also based on the closest assumption value. The Marketing Mix also plays an important role as it identifies the product/service of an organisation, then determine at what price to sell the goods and services, later defines the place which is suitable for production and announce effective promotion methods to bring more customers (Hill, Roche Allen, 2007). In order to obtain market segmentation success the managers should become critical about the quality of information they are receiving as it plays a vital role for implementing a marketing strategy by questioning the source of data and considering when it was collected. The method of data collection should be correct, durable and must be up-to-date as soon as possible. Marketing ethics: As per Bodo B. Schlegelmilch (1998), marketing ethics is an ethical dilemma that deals with relating the marketing function. The ethical issues usually arise in marketing situations for a firm. This part thus relates to how a firm should make ethical marketing decisions to obtain the satisfaction of the society must focus on the ethical issues that connect with analyzing the market opportunities that are available. Marketing has been criticized for hurting the interest of customers, society and the environment in the presentation of the marketing mix by stimulating societal moral decay, endorsing materialism and affecting the environment. â€Å"Marketing ethics is thus alarmed with the moral principles and values which guide the marketing  decisions and activities in an ethical manner† (Jobber, 2010). The assistance of both the primary stakeholders (Customers, Employees, Suppliers, Shareholder other investors) secondary stakeholders (Media, Special-Interest Groups Govern ment Institutions) is important to support the ethical activities of marketing practices (Schlegelmilch, 1998). But the most important factor for the reason that ethics are to be considered by the marketing managers are so to satisfy their organisation customers and employees (Schlegelmilch, 1998) as the customers are the people who buys the goods service which runs the business employees are those people that works for the company and are determined by their attitudes towards the jobs to keep the business running as well. While all other factors are directly or indirectly related with these two factors making it utmost important to satisfy them so as to achieve the desired goals objectives. The Marketing activities has an impact on the society and the environment as a whole. Therefore the managers of the organisation should behave responsibly within the best interest of those who will be affected. In conclusion, marketing ethics is an important factor to be considered, despite the challenges and uncertainty a company faces with its applications. Conclusion This chapter presents the theoretical background of the major areas for marketing techniques of the research. The aimis to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings on marketing techniques for theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topicas the reviews are secondary sources and do not require any new or original experimental work.

Windows 2000 :: Free Essay Writer

Windows 2000 Windows NT Workstation 5.0 is now called Windows 2000 Professional Windows NT Server 5.0 is now Windows 2000 Server Windows NT Server Enterprise Edition becomes Windows 2000 Advanced Server Plus there is a new offering: Windows 2000 Datacenter Server Windows 2000 Professional will be limited to support only two processors. Windows 2000 Server will be able to support up to four processors. Windows 2000 Advanced Server will support up to eight processors. And Windows 2000 Datacenter Server will support up to 32 processors and additional clustering functions. It is recommended to have at least 64 MB RAM and 700- 900MB of disc space for Professional and even more for the other packages. For multi-processor configurations, 128MB of memory should be considered minimum. Adobe had helped develop a new font called OpenType. That font builds Type 1 and TrueType capabilities into the OS. The new â€Å"Find† command will allow the user to search for available printers on the network. You can specify search criteria to locate all the color printers on the network and then narrow the search by say, the tabloid-size color printer nearest you. Then, with a right click, the systen installs the printer driver, downloads a color management device profile automatically and you’re ready to print. It also has been revamped to now display graphical previews of found graphic images. It also offers a number of Internet-savvy features, uncluding live web links and Net searching. It has a new color management system developed by Linotype-Hell to produce system wide color management that will also extend to Internet Explorer, so that on-line purchases will result in the color the customer expects. Quark a former Mac-only product is now being ported for Windows. The most obvious new feature of Windows 2000 is it’s so-called â€Å"intelligent menus†, which remember a user’s most-used selections. Thus, Windows 2000 learns to hide commands you don’t use often, although these hidden items can be seen by simply pausing at the Start Menu destination for a few seconds. There is a brand new Device Manager that, combined with its plug and play hardware detection and large list of supported hardware, makes it a huge improvement over NT in overall hardware compatibility. New hardware supported it Windows 2000: Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP), DVD, FireWire (IEEE 1394), USB Devices, Advanced Configurable Power Interface (ACPI), Multiple monitors, etc. â€Å"IntelliMirror† feature: the ability to automatically restore uninstalled drivers, deleted DLL’s, and other user settings, even if the user’s machine is replaced with a different one.

Theories of Criminal Behavior

When evaluating the dynamics of both the strain and control theories one must factor into their analysis the sub-categories of each theory and how they contribute to the overall spectrum of crime, punishment, and social control. The following evaluation consists of those evaluations that consist of the varying forms of both the strain and control theories of crime; including the strengths and weaknesses of each standpoint, the empirical validity of each, and the overall ramifications for crime prevention. Strain Theories Frustration.This is the foundation for the plethora of strain theories that encompass the criminological and theoretical world (Tibbetts, 2012, p. 110). The basic premise of the theory traces its roots back to Robert K. Merton. Frustration to meet societies expectations in terms of success, (Specifically, monetary wealth), is a primary contributor to criminal behavior. Furthermore, the unequal balance between the goals of acquiring this â€Å"wealth,† and the means by which one seeks to achieve this end is described by Merton as an â€Å"anomie. Simply put, it is not so much how one gain’s wealth; it is merely of primary importance that one does in fact achieve it, by whatever means possible (Tibbetts, 2012, p. 112). Merton believed that America’s fascination with acquiring wealth at any cost is a direct link to the strain theory. However, Merton also believed that each individual experienced strain differently. He reasoned that each person experiencing the strain, dealt with it within the concept of five variations.The five variations or adaptions to strain consist of conformity, ritualism, innovators, retreatism, and rebellion (Tibbetts, 2012, p. 112-113). Adaptations to strain- Five variations Conformity, in relation to the strain theory, refers to people who utilize traditional means by which to accomplish their goals of material acquisition (Tibbetts, 2012, p. 112). Ritualists, the second adaption to the strain theory , refers to those do not wish to gain monetary abundance or riches. However, like conformists, they do structure their lives in a manner that is conventional.They enjoy their occupations, and their normal everyday lives, but they do not aggressively seek to enter into a higher echelon of economic status (Tibbetts, 2012, p. 113). Innovators are thought to be the most likely to seek out and live a life of crime (Tibbetts, 2012, p. 113). Innovators wish to achieve money and riches, but want no part of the conventional or traditional methods of achieving this end. They do not desire to work hard to achieve their goals. Instead, they look for ways to circumvent the normal or traditional processes of education and hard work.This does not always include crime, as one might initially think. Many inventors and entrepreneurs fit the category of â€Å"innovator. † For example, the founders of Google, Yahoo, and other internet search engine web sites are innovators. Athletes who sign luc rative contracts are also considered innovators. These individuals are not part of the criminal population- they simply seek to find different ways to achieve the same goals of the traditional groups. Alternatively, there are innovators who engage in activities such as dealing drugs, robbing banks, stealing cars, etc. Tibbetts, 2012, p. 112). These individuals represent the other end of the innovator equation. Finally, retreatism and rebellion round out the final two classifications of the adaptations to the strain theory. Retreatists, like innovators, do not adopt the â€Å"normal† concepts of hard work and education; neither do they wish to achieve the end of monetary wealth. All forms of reteatists seek to disappear from society completely- not buying into its goals or methods (Tibbetts, 2012, p. 113). Lastly, rebellion is usually thought of as the most intriguing of the five adaptations to strain.The difference that pertains to this category of individuals is how they vie w society’s goals and the means by which one accomplishes them. While they buy into the concept of goals and methods of society, they do not buy into the CURRENT social structure and its associative ideas of goals and means. Instead, they seek to create their own social structure by overthrowing the current structure and replacing it with one in that adapts to their ideas and values (Tibbetts, 2012, p. 113). Evidence and Criticisms of the Strain TheorySince the foundation of the strain theory was laid by Merton, many criticisms have surfaced, as well as supporting evidence. The strength of the theory lies primarily within the fact that the Merton’s work provided a structure whereby societal groups in general are evaluated-not individual groups (Tibbetts, 2012, p. 114). There is also the existence of scattered amounts of evidence based support that poverty links directly to crime (Tibbetts, 2012, p. 114). Support for the theory appears to derive from macrolevel rates (G roup rates) of the relation between crime and poverty (Tibbetts, 2012, p. 12). Critics of the strain theory cite various reasons why the theory of strain is not valid, or at the very least, flawed. One such reason is the variation of occupations in which people engage, as well as the wide variety of expectations these people possess in terms of what a certain life course might take. While there are many theories, both for and against and everywhere in between Merton’s strain theory, one cannot argue against the strength of its basic premise of expectations vs. the means to achieve those expectations, and the varying degrees of pressure this places upon individuals.Social Control Theory Control theories operate under the premise that all individuals would subscribe to anti-social behavior save for restrictions that are put in place to guard against their own deviant tendencies (Tibbetts, 2012, p. 152). Basically, control theories stem from the idea that all mankind is evil in terms of base character- man must be contained via laws, guidelines, and restraints. Although not easily tested, the idea of natural criminal inclinations receives a strong supporting cast via recent empirical evidence.Research has found that most people are ‘bent’ towards criminal actions at an early age. An example of the natural tendency towards criminal behavior is indicated by a reported study by Tremblay and LeMarquand (Tibbetts, 2012, p. 153). This study found that most children’s antisocial behavior peaked at the age of 27 months-particularly boy’s behavior (Tibbetts, 2012, p. 153). Other likeminded studies have surfaced that also give rise to this evidence pertaining to antisocial tendencies Tibbetts, 2012, p. 153). Several other control theories present themselves within the realm of criminal behavior.For example, Reiss’s control theory states that criminal tendencies were a byproduct of a weak ego or superego controls among incarcerated y outh (Tibbetts, 2012, p. 157). However, Reiss believed that strong family bonds served to act as a counterbalance to these weak ego and super ego controls (Tibbetts, 2012, p. 112). Additionally, traits that a person either possessed or did not possess weighed heavily within the framework of Reiss’s control theory. Examples of personal traits include, but are not limited to, impulse restraint, and the ability to delay gratification (Tibbetts, 2012, p. 12). Control perspectives are the most archaic, yet most respected indications and reasons for criminal actions by individuals. The basic position is that mankind is selfish and seeks its own gratification at any cost. The counteracting barriers to this behavior is put into place by social policies and controls that combat and react to criminal activity and the theory that mankind is evil and selfish. References Tibbetts, S. G. (2012) Criminological theory: The essentials. SAGE publications, Inc.

Victorian Era

The Victorian Era During the Victorian Era, social classes of England were newly reforming, and fomenting. There was a churning upheaval of the old hierarchical order, and the middle classes were steadily growing. Added to that, the upper classes' composition was changing from simply hereditary aristocracy to a combination of nobility and an emerging wealthy commercial class. The definition of what made someone a gentleman or a lady was, therefore, changing at what some thought was an alarming rate. By the end of the century, it was common that a gentleman was someone who had a liberal public (private) school education, no matter what his antecedents might be. There continued to be a large and generally disgruntled working class, wanting and slowly getting reform and change. Conditions of the working class were still bad, though, through the century, three reform bills gradually gave the vote to most males over the age of twenty-one. Contrasting to that was the horrible reality of child labor which persisted throughout the period. When a bill was passed stipulating that children under nine could not work in the textile industry, this in no way applied to other industries, nor did it in any way curb rampant teenaged prostitution. The Victorian Era was also a time of tremendous scientific progress and ideas. Darwin took his Voyage of the Beagle, and posited the Theory of Evolution. The Great Exhibition of 1851 took place in London, lauding the technical and industrial advances of the age, and strides in medicine and the physical sciences continued throughout the century. The radical thought associated with modern psychiatry began with men like Sigmund Feud toward the end of the era, and radical economic theory, developed by Karl Marx and his associates, began a second age of revolution in mid-century. The ideas of Marxism, socialism, feminism churned and bubbled along with all else that happened. The dress of the early Victorian era was similar to the the Georgian age. Women wore corsets, balloonish sleeves and crinolines in the middle 1840's. The crinoline thrived, and expanded during the 50's and 60's, and into the 70's, until, at last, it gave way to the bustle. The bustle held its own until the 1890's, and became much smaller, going out altogether by the dawning of the twentieth century. For men, following Beau Brummell's example, stove-pipe pants were the fashion at the beginning of the century. Their ties, known then as cravats, and the various ways they might be tied could change, the styles of shirts, jackets, and hats also, but trousers have remained. Throughout the century, it was stylish for men to wear facial hair of all sizes and descriptions. The clean shaven look of the Regency was out, and mustaches, mutton-chop sideburns, Piccadilly Weepers, full beards, and Van Dykes were the order of the day. Due to the lack of modern technology that we have today such as televisions and the internet, the Victorian era (the era in which Queen Victoria reigned, this was between 1837 and 1901 was renowned for famous for the short stories that the authors of the time wrote. The birth of the railway also took place during the Victorian era and as one would expect, many people used it for transportation over long distances. There were no televisions so at times of boredom and during these long train journeys the people of the time depended solely on books and short stories for entertainment. The Ghost story genre proved to be most popular amongst the Victorian people. At the beginning of the nineteenth century in Britain, religious faith and the sciences were generally seen to be in beautiful accordance. This harmony between science and faith, mediated by some form of theology of nature, continued to be the mainstream position for most men of science right up to the 1860’s, at least. But it did come under threat. Many scientists questioned the literal meaning of the Genesis and opposed to the authoritarianism of organized Christian religion. Charles Darwin was the one, who with his Origins of the Species in 1859, proved things that could not be tolerated by the Church. It attracted widespread interest on publication. The book was controversial because it contradicted religious beliefs that underlay the then current theories of biology, and it generated much discussion on scientific, philosophical, and religious grounds. Of course a longer period had to pass to accept Darwin’s ideas, but it did affect the Christian mind, it did raise questions about the institution of the Church. The values that were based on religion were shaken greatly as well and the roots of the 20th century’s search for new values could be originated from here. Attitudes toward values and morals in those times also depended on, which social class a person belonged to. As the population increased, the gap between the lower and upper classes grew larger and also the differences in social behavior. Lower working classes struggled with everyday life, large families often did not have anything to eat, and children had to go working from an early age. There, the morals were drawn to the background. Even though, every felony was punished strictly, people often ended up stealing, robbing and murdering. Cities were full of slums, hygiene was non-existent and the drinking water spread diseases. Among these circumstances there was one rule that existed: to survive the day! Opposing the upper classes’ primness, prostitution and child labor was not scorned as a livelihood for the common people. Society as a whole, was called and often talked about in connection with the Victorian Era, did not help them, did not do anything for them, only despised them. Victorian values included a strict moral code and an obsession with social status. Upper classes always liked to lead their life in an exemplary way, regarded the morals highly and lived accordingly. Their occupation and social standing was largely determined by family background and social connections. We have to take into consideration that the Victorian era was the one when educated and wealthy people knew that the period they were living in is great and society, if everyone in it lived according to the Victorian values, could be happy. Although by looking back at the way they treated these values, most of them seem hypocritical. In their life religion, family, home, wealth and primness played an important role and proud as they were of themselves of belonging to these great times, rejected anyone whose life was not based on these things. They were the lucky ones that were educated and could easily afford forming opinions about the rest of the society, making references to morals, making up their own and forming the old ones as well. The Victorian era became notorious for employing young children in factories and mines and as chimney sweeps. Child labor played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset, often brought about by economic hardship, Charles Dickens for example worked at the age of 12 in a blacking factory, with his family in debtor's prison. The children of the poor were expected to help towards the family budget, often working long hours in dangerous jobs and low wages. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children. Agile boys were employed by the chimney sweeps; small children were employed to scramble under machinery to retrieve cotton bobbins; and children were also employed to work in coal mines to crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults. Children also worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods. 7] Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades, such as building or as domestic servants (there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid 18th Century). Working hours were long: builders worked 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter, while domestic servants worked 80 hour weeks, children worked from 12 to 16 hours a day; they often began w orking at the age of six or seven. Children had to be beaten to keep them from falling asleep while at work; in spite of this, many failed to keep awake and were mutilated or killed. Parents had to submit to the infliction of these atrocities upon their children, because they themselves were in a desperate plight. Craftsmen had been thrown out of work by the machines; rural laborers were compelled to migrate to the towns by the Enclosure Acts, which used Parliament to make landowners richer by making peasants destitute; trade unions were illegal until 1824; the government employed agents provocateurs to try to get revolutionary sentiments out of wage-earners, who were then deported or hanged. Such was the first effect of machinery in England. Children as young as three were put to work. A high number of children also worked as prostitutes.. In coal mines children began work at the age of five and generally died before the age of 25. Many children worked 16 hour days. As early as 1802 and 1819 Factory Acts were passed to regulate the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day. These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation. A royal commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11–18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged 9–11 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work. This act however only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10 hour working days. By 1900, there were 1. 7 million child laborers reported in American industry under the age of fifteen. The number of children under the age of 15 who worked in industrial jobs for wages climbed to 2 million in 1910. The accepted reasoning was that the career for women was marriage. To get ready for courtship and marriage a girl was groomed like a racehorse. In addition to being able to sing, play an instrument and speak a little French or Italian, the qualities a young Victorian gentlewoman needed, were to be innocent, virtuous, biddable, dutiful and be ignorant of intellectual opinion. A wealthy wife was supposed to spend her time reading, sewing, receiving guests, going visiting, letter writing, seeing to the servants and dressing for the part as her husband's social representative. For the very poor of Britain things were quite different. Fifth hand clothes were usual. Servants ate the pickings left over in a rich household. The average poor mill worker could only afford the very inferior stuff, for example rancid bacon, tired vegetables, green potatoes, tough old stringy meat, tainted bread, porridge, cheese, herrings or kippers. The Catholicism of the Oxford Movement, the Evangelical movement, the spread of the Broad Church, and the rise of Utilitarianism, socialism, Darwinism, and scientific Agnosticism, were all in their own ways characteristically Victorian; as were the prophetic writings of Carlyle and Ruskin, the criticism of Arnold, and the empirical prose of Darwin and Huxley; as were the fantasy of George MacDonald and the realism of George Eliot and George Bernard Shaw. One could say that Queen Victoria personified the spirit of nineteenth-century England; she was Queen of the United Kingdom, Great Britain, and Ireland as well as Empress of India. She put the â€Å"Victorian† in the Victorian Era.

Pidgin and Creole Languages

Pidgin and Creole Languages Pidgin and Creole Languages Pidgin and Creole Languages By Maeve Maddox The word pidgin refers to a language used as a means of communication between people who do not share a common language. The word pidgin derives from a mispronunciation of the English word business. The term â€Å"Pidgin English† was first applied to the commercial lingua franca used in southern China and Melanesia, but now pidgin is a generic term that refers to any simplified language that has derived from two or more parent languages. When a pidgin develops into a more complex language and becomes the first language of a community, it is called a creole. Note: The word creole has racial applications, which are not addressed in this article. Creoles typically arise as the result of contact between the language of a dominant group and that of a subordinate group, as happened as the result of European trade and colonization. The earliest reference to a creole language is to a Portuguese-based creole spoken in Senegal. The vocabulary of a typical creole is supplied for the most part by the dominant language, while the grammar tends to be taken from the subordinate language. A pidgin is nobody’s natural language; a creole develops as a new generation grows up speaking the pidgin as its main language. The grammar of a creole usually remains simpler than that of the parent languages, but the new language begins to develop larger vocabularies to provide for a wider range of situations. Because of its distinctive use of verb tenses and other grammatical features, Black English is considered by many to be an English creole having British and American varieties. Haitian is a French creole. Unlike pidgins, creoles are complete natural languages that differ from standard dialects of the dominant parent language in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. Some more examples of creole languages: French-based Louisiana Creole Mauritian Creole English-based Gullah (US Sea Islands) Jamaican Creole Guyanese Creole Hawaiian Creole More than one parent language Saramacca (SurinameEnglish and Portuguese) Sranan (SurinameEnglish and Dutch) Papiamentu (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaà §aoPortuguese and Spanish) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureConnotations of 35 Words for Funny PeopleSentence Adverbs

Civilization Essay essays

Civilization Essay essays Civilization is basically a vital kind of grouping. Without civilizations, the world as we know it would not be. Civilizations have different qualities than regular groups of people such as nomads. For example, a civilization develops surpluses of things which helps the people be a stable community. These surpluses also create the construction and growth of cities and helps develop secure, formal states. Government is also present in civilizations. One very important part of a civilization is an advanced writing method. A civilization can only be complete with all of these factors, or it will just fall apart. Nomads are nowhere close to being a civilization even though sometimes groups of nomads have good technology. Nomads travel around all the time following food. A civilization is a stationary place with agriculture. This means that the community of people occupying this civilization does not have to go running around scrounging for food. Nomads are just a small group of people without cities, sometimes without writing, no organizations, and their technology is lacking. Civilizations have the one-up on nomads without a doubt. If everyone was just a bunch of nomads, the world would not be organized, and cultures would not be as complex and great as they are today. Nomads are just a bunch of underdeveloped, not modern, and sometimes barbaric people. The Greeks and the Romans both thought of themselves as a civilization separate from everyone else. The Greeks believed that anyone who could not speak Greek were barbarians meaning those who cannot speak Greek. Anyone that could not speak Greek were only speaking gibberish to the Greeks so they separated themselves from others making themselves their own civilization. Just like the Greeks, the Romans believed they were different than others too, and the Romans coined the word civilization which was derived from the Latin wo ...

Dinah and Male-Dominated Biblical Narrative

Dinah and Male-Dominated Biblical Narrative One of the aptest historical criticisms of The Holy Bible is the way it fails to chronicle womens lives, abilities and viewpoints with the same effort it puts into mens lives. The story of Dinah in Genesis 34 is one of the best examples of this male-dominated narrative. A Young Woman at the Mercy of Men Dinahs story actually starts in Genesis 30:21, which tells of her birth to Jacob and his first wife, Leah. Dinah reappears in Genesis 34, a chapter that early versions of the Bible titled the rape of Dinah. Ironically, Dinah never speaks for herself in this significant episode of her life. In brief, Jacob and his family are encamped in Canaan near the city of Shechem. By now having reached puberty, teen-aged Dinah understandably wants to see something of the world. While visiting the city, she is defiled or outraged by the prince of the land, also called Shechem, who is the son of Hamor the Hivite. Although scripture says Prince Shechem is eager to marry Dinah, her brothers Simeon and Levi are enraged at the way their sister has been treated. They convince their father, Jacob, to exact a high bride price, or dowry. They tell Hamor and Shechem that it is against their religion to allow their women to marry men who are not circumcised, i.e., converts to the religion of Abraham. Because Shechem is in love with Dinah, he, his father, and eventually all the men of the city agree to this extreme measure. However, circumcision turns out to be a trap devised by Simeon and Levi to incapacitate the Shechemites. Genesis 34 says they, and possibly more of Dinahs brothers, attack the city, kill all the men, rescue their sister and despoil the town. Jacob is horrified and frightened, fearing that other Canaanites sympathetic with the people of Shechem will rise against his tribe in retaliation. How Dinah feels at the murder of her betrothed, who by this time may even have been her husband, is never mentioned. Rabbinical Interpretations Vary on Dinahs Story Later sources blame Dinah for this episode, citing her curiosity about life in the city as a sin since it exposed her to risk of rape. Shes also condemned in other rabbinical interpretations of scripture known as Midrash because she didnt want to leave her prince, Shechem. This earns Dinah the nickname of the Canaanite woman. A text of Jewish myth and mysticism, The Testament of the Patriarchs, justifies the anger of Dinahs brothers by saying that an angel instructed Levi to take revenge on Shechem for the rape of Dinah. A more critical view of Dinahs story holds the tale may be not historical at all. Instead, some Jewish scholars think Dinahs story is an allegory that symbolizes the way Israelite men conducted feuds against neighboring tribes or clans that raped or abducted their women. This reflection of ancient customs makes the story valuable, according to Jewish historians. A Feminist View of Dinahs Story In 1997, novelist Anita Diamant re-imagined Dinahs story in her book, The Red Tent, a New York Times best-seller. In this novel, Dinah is the first-person narrator, and her encounter with Shechem is not rape but consensual sex in anticipation of marriage. Dinah willingly marries the Canaanite prince and is horrified and grieved by her brothers vengeful actions. She flees to Egypt to bear Shechems son and is reunited with her brother Joseph, now Egypts prime minister. The Red Tent became a worldwide phenomenon embraced by women who longed for a more positive view of women in the Bible. Although entirely fiction, Diamant said she wrote the novel with attention to the history of the era, around 1600 B.C., particularly in terms of what could be discerned about the lives of ancient women. The red tent of the title refers to a practice common to tribes of the ancient Near East, in which menstruating women or women giving birth lived in such a tent along with their co-wives, sisters, daughters and mothers. In a question-and-answer on her website, Diamant cites work by Rabbi Arthur Waskow, who links the biblical law that keeps a mother separate from the tribe for 60 days upon the birth of a daughter as a sign that it is a sacred act for a woman to bear to another potential birth-giver. A subsequent work of non-fiction, Inside the Red Tent by Baptist scholar Sandra Hack Polaski, examines Diamants novel in light of both biblical story and ancient history, particularly the difficulties of finding historical documentation for womens lives. Diamants novel and Polaskis non-fiction work are completely extra-biblical, and yet their readers believe that they give voice to a female character whom the Bible never allows to speak for herself. Sources Giving Voice to Dinah Sermon given December 12, 2003, by Rabbi Allison Bergman Vann The Jewish Study Bible, featuring the Jewish Publication Societys TANAKH translation (Oxford University Press, 2004). Dinah by Eduard KÃ ¶nig, Emil G. Hirsch, Louis Ginzberg, Caspar Levias, Jewish Encyclopedia. Ten Questions on the Occasion of the Tenth Anniversary of The Red Tent by Anita Diamant (St. Martins Press, 1997). Inside the Red Tent (Popular Insights) by Sandra Hack Polaski (Chalice Press, 2006)

Rewrite sentences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rewrite sentences - Essay Example Yoruba lies in the Southwestern Nigeria and Benin of Africa. It is said to be populated with one million people. It Ancestry was a myth. State formation began with trading first among themselves then later, with neighboring areas. They are credited for carving mountains into farms which they planted with yams, coco yams and bananas. Copper is an important commodity for the Yurobians, but its beginnings were doubted from where they came from. They traded these crops and copper with horses and salt. Later on Yorubians used these horses to form a cavalry to expand its territories. As they expanded trade with Europeans, slavery began because the rulers began to export slaves by as many as 20,000 per year during 1630 to 1730. Its political communities were developed as villages that later on turned into a kingship led by a leader Oduduwa wherein people believed was sent by the Creator to establish lands and kingdoms. Second state is Benin Kingdom. Political reforms as well a trade were th e greatest contributions of the first king of Benin. During this period, the Oba Ewuware, the first king introduced the law of succession, the primogeniture, a rule that father should be succeeded by his son whom they called Oba. Oba Ewuware formed a government with checks and balances powers, created and appointed chiefs as what we may call cabinet misters today. He created opportunities for advancement of the people through grades and authority. However, even there were appeals for freedom of slaves, but people were not given these opportunities. Trade with Portuguese continued to be a pillar of growth since the Oba has a monopoly of trade of pepper, ivory and copper. This period also reflected the spread of artisan craft of items made from brass, and the abolition of slave trade in 1807. Asante is one of the richest states in the African region because of its gold. They used gold to purchase slaves to do the gold mining for them to expand production. The slaves were also instrume ntal in introducing agriculture to the land as they cleared dense forests, and planted wide variety of crops brought to Africa by the Europeans. The clearing of forests gave way for the development of communities. As things developed, the earlier peaceful community was ruled by politically ambitious group that wanted to control the gold production. This showed the way to warring factions that created wars and havocs to the people. d. Luba and Kuba Infrastructure developments through cooperative efforts of the people of the village gave way to the productive lifestyle of the people. Its marshy environment led the people to build dikes, drainage channels and dams to store water for dry season-fishing. Historians believed that the large scale public cooperation in Luba led the people of the village to a political community. Organized community led people to manage its resources as people lived continuously on the place as fishing village, and workings on iron. By the turn of the 10th c entury, people had diversified economy with trading their fish, farm products, and metals with salt and iron items, imported glass beads and cowry shells from the distant Indian Ocean. Next to infrastructure, trade largely contributed to its development. Copper was abundant in this side of Africa. In Kuba, growth was funneled by agriculture production of various crops. The introduction of taxes by the governmente brought to the division of labor between men and women, lowering of marrying age of young male to draw them

Characteristics of Successful Entrepeneurs Essay

Characteristics of Successful Entrepeneurs - Essay Example Significance of the Research When it comes to business, what makes one successful entrepreneurship is undoubtedly one of the most significant topics because successful entrepreneur finds business opportunity, seizes it and creates a market of his own by beating the competitors and achieving sustainable competitive advantage. Studying and exploring in to the essential characteristics of an entrepreneur would be helpful to understand what makes an entrepreneur and how he brings success to enterprises. As Volery, Doss and Mazzarol (p. 1) noted, entrepreneurship remains to be a driving force in the modern economy more than ever. It’s because, entrepreneurs meet the economic needs through the creation of thousands of business every years. Many businesses in recent days started ‘downsizing’ or ‘outsourcing’ processes, but entrepreneurs are those who create new ventures and new jobs that help strengthen the economy as a whole. Entrepreneur has played pivotal roles in today’s business developments, technological advances and all the radical changes that brought renaissance in business environments. People all over the world are able to meet their varying requirements and specific individual needs only because entrepreneurs in different parts of the world, no matter how smaller or larger they are, have found opportunities, thought creatively, innovated and established an enterprise to provide something valuable to the people. Characteristics of Successful Entrepreneurs Many researchers have obviously agreed with the very fundamental view of entrepreneurship as described by the father of entrepreneurship, Joseph A Schumpeter. According to him, entrepreneurship is innovation (Carsrud and Brannback , p. 7). Entrepreneur is one who perceives or finds an opportunity to be seized and then to create a new product or service or changes an existing one in order to create new marketable contribution to the economy (McDaniel, p. 57). An entr epreneur is not only an opportunity finder, but be a good manager with basic managerial skills like direction, coordination, supervision, decision making, risk bearing, control and problem solving etc (Brockhaus, p. 1). An entrepreneur doesn’t need to be a manager or not to function as a manager, but he must be skilled in managerial qualities and functional areas like those mentioned above. A basic difference that most literatures have described is that a manager is not always the owner of the enterprise and therefore he is relatively less responsible where as the entrepreneur is the owner of the business and more responsible too. The most essential and basic characteristics of entrepreneur are detailed below: Entrepreneur as an Innovator Innovation is one of the fundamental qualities of an entrepreneur. As Drucker (p. 17) noted, innovation is very specific tool that an entrepreneur is essentially required to have and with this he can find chances and make them opportunities for various business purposes. Finding opportunities for some thing new and bringing a vision in to reality through innovation is thus critical element to the success of an entrepreneur. Entrepreneur needs to be innovator for major innovations, start up of business, developing new products or services for a presently

Business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Business ethics - Essay Example Each year, the company rates 20% of its employees below their requirements and ultimately, they were asked to leave the company (Jennings, 2009, p. 288). This rating system brought more harm to company than benefits. First, Enron’s rigorous performance evaluation standards and competitive environment resulted in a deceptive culture. Since employees began to have job insecurity, they emphasized only on how to make their performance look better. They ignored the ethical norms and began to focus on achieving their financial goals. Few employees started to cheat on their work. The only way to halt them was to cheat more. Very soon, every other person in the company was cheating and it became a prevalent conception since they were left with no choice and were also surrounded by those co-workers who were doing the same. This caused a deceptive culture of the company. Employees were evaluated on their ability to cheat. Second, such competitive environment led to covering of the mista kes and cheating, because employees seldom communicate with each other and were very un-cooperative. Employees were not encouraged to ask questions because asking question was considered as humiliating. In addition to that, they were also less willing to share information and resources because they were competing with each other. Therefore, in Enron, no one was asking anyone any questions and no one wanted to answer any questions. In this way, the employees of Enron began to ignore mistakes and errors and just focused on making their work look good. Such ethical problems had ripple effect and contributed to Enron’s ethical scandal. At Enron, both employees and executives behaved in an unethical and illegal manner since they were encountered with conflicts of interest. They all were self-interested and greedy. Major Causes of Enron’s Collapse After the fall down of the company, people started making its synonyms as corporate fraud and corruption. At one hand, the compan y contributed to charity with huge amount of money but systematically, on other hand, in 1990s, it swindled its financial statements along with an audit firm, named as Arthur Anderson. Enron’s method was systematic and creative. Its accounting practices and financial statements were not clear. For instance, the company made its practices of noting costs of those projects that have been cancelled as assets. Nevertheless, on other hand, there was no explanation as official letter, which states that the project has been cancelled. Such practices had ‘snowball effect’. Moreover, it has also created special reasons for raising profitability and avoiding taxes. It gave liberty to the management to hide losses and move currency. The CFO, Andrew Fastow was the mastermind behind the arrangement of all these practices. Such arrangements enabled him, his family and friends make millions of dollars at the cost of their stakeholders. Some of the actions of this reputable and responsible company were just like gambling. In the year 2000, the share price of Enron was at its peak i.e. at $90. Enron’s Executives already knew what was happening inside the company therefore; they started to sell their shares. On 5 March 2001, Article of Bethany McLean â€Å"Is Enron Overpriced?† further reduced the stock price of the company. She played a vital role in revealing the huge debt of Enron. Slowly and gradually, the stock price

Canadian public economics policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Canadian public economics policy - Essay Example Government spending has been used to determine the size of a government because it constitutes a large part of GDP, such that increasing it will effectively increase GDP. Furthermore, because government spending increases inflation as a result of increased money supply; increases deficits by choosing not to increase revenues vis--vis spending; and increases debts by choosing to borrow funds to finance spending, it makes a logical measure of the size of government. While this observation is theoretically sound, the actual effect of government spending is inconsistent. First, with regard to tax breaks and subsidies, because of its varying effects on the behaviour of businesses, the effect of government spending varies as well. For example, Canada's Five Year $100 billion Tax Reduction Plan should lead to a decrease in the size of government. However, because it makes Canada's business climate more competitive, it may induce corporations and business owners to move operations to, or increase operations in Canada, leading to an increase in the size of government instead. Second, it will also have varying effects on other components of GDP. ... as pensions and loan guarantees that are not always accounted for, but nonetheless exists, government spending is rendered an unreliable measure of the size of government.(375 words) Question 2 A debt management policy utilizing government bonds indexed to inflation is one way governments illustrate credibility in fighting inflation by intentionally removing incentives to inflate. In this respect, the Canadian government is committed to fighting inflation because as part of its debt management policy, it issues security bonds, indexed to the country consumer price index (CPI). A government's credibility in fighting inflation through indexed bonds can be illustrated through the differences between conventional and indexed bonds. With regard to the use of conventional bonds, a government debt's real value decreases in accordance to increases in inflation because as borrower, it will only have to pay a particular amount, based on nominal terms, regardless of changes in a currency's purchasing power caused by inflation. Since government financing through bonds indicate an implied obligation to pay in the future, conventional, nominal bonds eventually decreases in real value as the purchasing power decreases through yearly inflation. While these risks can be reduced through setting nominal interest rates that forecast possible increases in inflation, they are not secured from its unexpected sharp rises or declines. Thus, if inflation increases sharply, governments will require fewer resources to pay for its bonds transferring the loss in real value to the bond holder. Contrary to conventional bonds, indexed bonds, by linking their nominal terms to inflation specifies a more stable value for bondholders because the burden caused by inflation is placed on the

At WebAd Solutions, we are committed to ensuring the validity of our Essay

At WebAd Solutions, we are committed to ensuring the validity of our Cost-Per-Click Network - Essay Example From software to our sophisticated staff, our goal has become to ensure every click is legitimate. Our staff, software, and products weed out fraudulent or generated clicks. This saves customers money by only having them pay for legitimate clicks. In order to stop fraudulent or generated clicks, WebAd Solution believes communication with the client is essential. Click fraud has increased over the past year. Whether intentionally directed at one advertiser or ‘hitbots’ that target all PPC’s, fraudulent clicks hurt advertisers. Thus individuals become wary about using PPC’s and Search Marketing. If used correctly PPC’s and Search Marketing can reach millions of Internet surfers. However, when competitors or ‘hitbots’ misuse the system, this means of advertising becomes increasingly distrusted. Companies do not want to spend money on clicks that are not being seen by consumers. Advertisers can protect themselves from click fraud by following a few simple rules. The first rule is to communicate frequently with their PPC provider. Secondly, clients can used WebAd’s tools to help protect against fraudulent clicks. WebAd provides Click Observer, which helps the advertiser observe traffic sources, time spent, number of visits, and so forth. This allows the client to observe suspicious clicks that get past WebAd’s software or employees, which in turn can be reported to WebAd. Finally, research into WebAd’s resources can help an advertiser save money on illegitimate clicks. WebAd Solutions want their clients to feel comfortable that the visitors to their websites are from legitimate interest, not false clicks. Our goal is to give the client the advertising that is paid for. Despite the negative impacts of click fraud on PPC Advertisers and Search Marketing, WebAd Solutions strive to inspire confidence in our services. By using Click Observer from WebAd,

Nursing theory reviewed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing theory reviewed - Essay Example Nursing involves four perspectives in which the professionals address the whole nursing problems by subdividing the concepts into: The person/patient- they analyze the physiological structure and functioning of the body, psychological perspective to deal with mental processes and emotions. In addition, they analyze developmental processes within the lifespan and actively look into social-cultural and spiritual side of their patient. The health perspective in nursing tends to define health as a condition in which all body parts are in harmony with the client, here the client being the patient. This harmony is usually based on the body needs and how much it receives from the system in that for optimality the energy provided by the system should always be more than what the body can actually use. Nursing also seeks to evaluate environment aspect through analysis of external and internal factors that surround a patient and the rate at which they interact in any given time. Also nursing i nvolves consistency, should use direct but simple approach, governed by nursing education and practice so as to address the areas of primary, secondary and tertiary interventions Training and professionalism go hand in hand in that continuing one’s education and/or study while working is an essential criterion for a long term success through competence development in furthering their careers. With a series of requirements in the nursing sector, knowledge development is of paramount importance as to the scope of their activities. For instance knowledge development from antiquity to nightingale, from nightingale to science and from knowing patterns to contexts of knowledge development, calls for intensive study and further training. Ethical knowledge development calls for nursing ethics, code of conduct and morality and an over view of ethical perspectives. Nursing as a field with wide application and scope entails conceptualization and structuring of

At WebAd Solutions, we are committed to ensuring the validity of our Essay

At WebAd Solutions, we are committed to ensuring the validity of our Cost-Per-Click Network - Essay Example From software to our sophisticated staff, our goal has become to ensure every click is legitimate. Our staff, software, and products weed out fraudulent or generated clicks. This saves customers money by only having them pay for legitimate clicks. In order to stop fraudulent or generated clicks, WebAd Solution believes communication with the client is essential. Click fraud has increased over the past year. Whether intentionally directed at one advertiser or ‘hitbots’ that target all PPC’s, fraudulent clicks hurt advertisers. Thus individuals become wary about using PPC’s and Search Marketing. If used correctly PPC’s and Search Marketing can reach millions of Internet surfers. However, when competitors or ‘hitbots’ misuse the system, this means of advertising becomes increasingly distrusted. Companies do not want to spend money on clicks that are not being seen by consumers. Advertisers can protect themselves from click fraud by following a few simple rules. The first rule is to communicate frequently with their PPC provider. Secondly, clients can used WebAd’s tools to help protect against fraudulent clicks. WebAd provides Click Observer, which helps the advertiser observe traffic sources, time spent, number of visits, and so forth. This allows the client to observe suspicious clicks that get past WebAd’s software or employees, which in turn can be reported to WebAd. Finally, research into WebAd’s resources can help an advertiser save money on illegitimate clicks. WebAd Solutions want their clients to feel comfortable that the visitors to their websites are from legitimate interest, not false clicks. Our goal is to give the client the advertising that is paid for. Despite the negative impacts of click fraud on PPC Advertisers and Search Marketing, WebAd Solutions strive to inspire confidence in our services. By using Click Observer from WebAd,

Design and creative enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Design and creative enterprise - Essay Example Graphic designers have to know all these things about the art of graphic design in order to operate competitively in the current industry (Heller and Fernandes, 2010). The graphic design industry is a fun and creative one. Being a graphic designer enables one to spend the whole day doing what he laves to do. The industry is also quite a lucrative one as it is possible to earn a lot of money from the designs. It is possible for graphic designers to work in a variety of environments. Many graphic design graduates normally find work in companies that deal specifically with the field of graphic design. These companies include design consultancy firms and branding agencies, publishing, marketing and communications companies (Gold, 1995). However, with the introduction of PCs into the industry, the shift is quickly changing and more graphic designers are opting to work independently. The innovation of new graphic design software that is easily available has also contributed a great deal to the increasing number of independent graphic design enterprises and free lance jobs. The graphic design business is easy to scale and one can work with as much flexibility as he wishes (Foote, 2004). Graphic Design Business Graphic design, regardless of whether it is practiced as a large enterprise or as a freelance job, has an important place in the social scene. It can be used to communicate a particular social ideal. It is also used by many business people to attract clients or consumers. It is used as a motivational tool for political campaigns. Graphic arts is also used in travelling guides to help people find their way in places that they do not know (Landa, 2001). In other words, graphic design does much more than just make things look pretty. It is an audience centered approach of visual communication and it is always geared towards meeting all of the clients needs. This is the ideal design practice that helps in the protection of creative values and enables a creative prof essional set up his design business (Goldfarb, 2006). In order to meet all of the clients’ needs, the professional designer has to know the intended audience very well. The ideal design practice requires graphic designers to fully understand the audience so as to be as effective as possible when they are communicating their clients’ ideas (Heller and Fernandes, 2010). This means that he must analyze all relevant data about the audience, including their class, education level, gender, buying habits, favorite television shows, personal traits and many more. The designers then use this psychographic and demographic information to determine what exactly it is that the audience perceives (Foote, 2004). A successful graphic design enterprise does not only rely on the understanding of the audience, but also on the grounding of fine art and creativity which is combined with ample technical knowledge. This technical knowledge encompasses special processes, digital file presenta tion, paper stocks, quality control printing inks and troubleshooting. The ideal design process is a combination of these technical skills as well as creative and research skills. A graphic designer wanting to start his own business must therefore ensure that he has all the technical and non-technical materials he needs to ensure that his business starts off on the right note (Gold, 1995). How to start the graphic Design Business Like any other business, a person

Way of preserving your wine Essay Example for Free

Way of preserving your wine Essay As a wine importer, educator and wine writer, I get asked time and again- â€Å"how long can I keep undrunk bottle of wine once it is opened? † and â€Å"what is best method for preserving half drunk wine? † Each and every time I have answered the questions to questionnaires, today I felt like writing about the ways of preserving half drunk wine that can remain fresh and drinkable for several days after opening the bottle. We often completely drink a bottle of wine once it is opened since we socialize a glass or two with family and friends and it gets completely drink. Once wine is completely finished drinking, there is no concern about preserving remaining wine that was purchased for expensive price. Usually, that is the case in Nepalese market. However, in some occasions, we have some undrunk wine and we want to keep it for future consumption but we know that it gets undrinkable in couple of days later and don’t know how to preserve it. I have seen people looking for ways of preserving undrunk wine as fresh as possible for several days’ later consumption but they have reported that wasn’t the case more than often. It is regrettable and disappointing to see such a good bottle of wine go wasted. Don’t worry, we have several solutions to our problem and apply whichever we find easy, cost effective and appropriate. Below are tried tested several ways preserving our wine as fresh as possible for at least next five days: 1) Argon gas preservation method: This method of preserving half drunk wine is very simple and easy; however, unavailability of argon gas in Nepal; we couldn’t apply this method at the time of writing this article. Hope demand for this gas increases in future and we could import or create in Nepal. Usually Argon gas comes in bottle with pressurised one way valve system. Simply release pressurised argon gas inside the half drunk wine bottle for three to four second and close your wine bottle with cork or other type of stopper. Keep your wine bottle inside the fridge or outside in room temperature; wine remains fresh for next 3-4 days. Longer it can keep if wine has good quality wine which needs oxidization after opening the bottle. 2) Transfer Method: There is cost effective, quick and easy way of preserving our undrunk wine is transferring remaining wine in smaller bottle. Transferring wine in smaller bottle prevents wine coming to contact with oxygen; therefore, we can remain fresh for several days. The main enemy of wine spoilage is oxygen coming in contact with wine and being terms called ‘oxidized’. Once wine bottle is opened and few glass of wine is drunk, oxygen sits in empty space of the bottle. In later time, oxygen comes in contact with wine and wine gets ‘oxidized’ and becomes undrinkable. For preventing wine from oxidization, transferring remaining wine from bigger bottle in smaller bottle prevent the wine to be as fresh as the day it was opened. This method is most practical and cost effective for regular wine drinkers at home or in the restaurants. 3) Using Coravin method: Coravin method is the technique of taking required amount of wine out of bottle without taking cork out. With this method, an innovative device is used for injecting wine by inserting syringe type of device which penetrates through cork and helps to take required amount of wine out of bottle. As we take wine out of the bottle, argon gas gets injected in the bottle for filling empty space. Caravin method is applied for very expensive wines which can be drunk little by little for longer period of time. Usually, wine is expensive and we don’t want the wine to go off in any cost. This device in not available in Nepal and it is very expensive purchase. 4) Using Shielder: Wine Shielder is type of innovative round think object that is dropped inside the bottle which sits on top of surface of wine, separating wine from empty space in the bottle. Wine Shielder basically prevents oxygen coming in contact with remaining wine inside the bottle so that wine doesn’t get oxidized. The shield is assorted with nitrogen which floats on top of wine inside the bottle preventing oxygen coming in contact with wine. Wine Shielders are very hard to find in wine accessory stores but can be often purchased online. The Shielder is costly and it can’t be reused. 5) Using vacuum method: This method is very simple, cost effective and easy to use too. A vacuum method is the practice of taking oxygen out of half empty wine bottle using vacuum pump that are available for purchase in wine stores. After drinking whatever amount of wine, simply place the one way valve stopper and using vacuum pump to take air out. Also there are types of vacuum pumps available which do take air out from bottle as well as work as cork or stoppers. They serve two purposes. Vacuum pumps are available in Nepalese market and the devices are reasonably well priced. Let’s hope from now on, we don’t need to worry about spoilage of our unfinished beloved wine. We believe, despite of many constraints, we have illustrated few simple solutions that can be applied at home with very little cost. Those who are passionate of trying to drink different type of wine every day and need for preserving remaining wine as fresh as first glass drunk, it is best to use high tech method such as Coravin method. Finally, buy screw capped bottle wine so you could put cap back after drinking your desired amount. It is cost effective and easy way for preserving the wine for few days. Note: All Mark Davidson wine available in Nepal are screw capped and can stay fresh for next five days after opening the bottle. Look for the same bottle and give us a feedback. Drink for good health.

A Pestel Analysis Of Australia Economics Essay

A Pestel Analysis Of Australia Economics Essay Australia is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the northeast and New Zealand to the southeast. For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australias eastern half was claimed by Britain in 1770 and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales, formally founded on 7 February 1788 (although formal possession of the land had occurred on 26 January 1788). The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established. On 1 January 1901, the six colonies became a federation and the Commonwealth of Australia was formed. Since Federation, Australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system and is a Commonwealth realm. The population is 22 million, with approximately 60% concentrated in and around the mainland state capitals of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide. The nations capital city is Canberra, in the Australian Capital Territory. A prosperous developed country, Australia is the worlds thirteenth largest economy. Australia ranks highly in many international comparisons of national performance such as human development, quality of life, health care, life expectancy, public education, economic freedom and the protection of civil liberties and political rights. Australia is a member of the United Nations, G20, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, OECD, APEC, Pacific Islands Forum and the World Trade Organization. PESTEL ANALYSIS There are many factors in the macro-environment that will effect the decisions of the managers of any organisation. Tax changes, new laws, trade barriers, demographic change and government policy changes are all examples of macro change. To help analyse these factors we can categorise them using the PESTEL model. Political factors. These refer to government policy such as the degree of intervention in the economy. What goods and services does a government want to provide? To what extent does it believe in subsidising firms? What are its priorities in terms of business support? Political decisions can impact on many vital areas for business such as the education of the workforce, the health of the nation and the quality of the infrastructure of the economy such as the road and rail systems. The federal government is separated into three branches: The legislature: the bicameral Parliament, comprising the Queen (represented by the Governor-General), the Senate, and the House of Representatives; The executive: the Federal Executive Council, in practice the Governor-General as advised by the Prime Minister and Ministers of State; The judiciary: the High Court of Australia and other federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the Governor-General on advice of the Council. Business in Australia has a high degree of certainty Australia is a safe destination for investment. The countrys political and regulatory environment is stable, open and progressive, providing investors with a high degree of confidence and certainty. Australias strength as an investment destination stems, in part, from a political system that has been assessed as being highly effective in responding to economic challenges and policy direction. The adaptability of Australian government policy to changes in the economy has been ranked in the top two countries in the region. Similarly, the transparency and effectiveness of government are also rated highly . Efficient and transparent legal framework Australia also has an open, efficient and transparent legal framework. Corruption levels are judged lower than those in the US, the UK, Canada and most regional countries . These results can be attributed to a strong system of checks and balances, and a highly respected judicial and law enforcement system. Stable political environment The benefit to companies of a stable political environment can flow right through to the bottom line. Australia is one of the most important markets for MNCs in the Asia-Pacific region. Australia hosts a growing economy; a stable political and business environment; a skilled, well educated and multi-lingual workforce; a strategic time-zone and a competitive cost base. These factors provide a sophisticated market and the right environment enabling various MNCs to drive innovation and technology. ECONOMIC FACTORS Property prices are generally high in relation to income levels in Australia, creating a great demand for rental properties. In fact this demand is so high in some major cities that rental prices are firmly set to increase, making any purchase into a buy-to-let property market potentially profitable. While the population grows and incomes rise, the demand for housing now outpaces supply, causing prices to continue rising. Capital Growth Australia still has certain areas offering great investment opportunity. For example, in 2006 Perth property prices rose by between 36.6% and a staggering 42% and commercial properties in cities such as Brisbane and Perth are also currently offering many excellent returns on investment. Off-Plan Pure investment strategies are viable options in many areas, enabling you to purchase off-plan property in Australia at the best possible prices. Investors purchasing as early as possible with a minimum money-down payment and then selling prior to completion are gaining substantial profits. Low-cost Commercial Property Australias cost-competitiveness has led to a growing number of foreign companies using Australia as a headquarters for their Asian operations. Between January 2002 and March 2003, 54 foreign companies established or relocated their operating centres in Australia, making it one of the most successful countries in the world in attracting such investment. Today Australia consistently emerges as a low cost base amongst developed nations. Currency Exchange Currency exchange rates against euros, dollars and sterling are very favourable in Australia today, making property investment an attractive option to foreign investors who avoid losing vast amounts of money in their exchange transactions against the Australian dollar. In addition, foreign purchasers are generally able to buy much more for their money than back home. Cost of Living The cost of living in large cities such as Melbourne, Adelaide, Brisbane and Perth is dramatically less than that of the worlds most expensive cities. At the same time, Australias major cities are all ranked among the worlds top 30 cities in terms of quality of life. Economic Stability Australias strong economic growth rates are higher than in most OECD countries including the US and UK. Currently the countrys GDP is higher than that of the UK, Germany and France for example. There is a low degree of risk in the Australian economy while it boasts consistently strong GDP growth, stable interest rates, rising exchange rates, relatively high levels of employment and a low rate of inflation. In the main cities unemployment is relatively low and on average the national unemployment figures stand at around 5%. The country receives many applications each year from those wishing to immigrate to Australia and enjoy the high standard of living and general opportunities the country has to offer. Mortgages Repayment mortgages are available to purchase property in Australia, covering 75-80% of the valuation or purchase price (whichever is lower) and they are available for a period of between 5 and 30 years. Interest only mortgages are widely available in Australia and are on offer for 5 or even 10 year periods. SOCIAL FACTORS Changes in social trends can impact on the demand for a firms products and the availability and willingness of individuals to work. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Classes and Castes. The three main social classes are the working class, the middle class, and the upper class, but the boundaries between these groups are a matter of debate. The wealthiest 5 to 10 percent are usually regarded as upper class, with their wealth derived from ownership and control of property and capital. The growing middle class is defined as individuals with nonmanual occupations. Nonmanual workers typically earn more than manual workers, although upper-level manual workers such as tradespeople earn more than those in sales and personal service positions. The professions, which include such occupations as accountants, computing specialists, engineers, and medical doctors, have been one of the fastest growing sectors of the economy. Since the 1980s the number of manual workers has been in decline. Manual workers form the nucleus of the working class; 20 to 40 percent self-identify with this category. Class consciousness includes the acknowledgment of class divisions, but there is also a broad commitment to an ethic of egalitarianism. Australians commonly believe that socioeconomic mobility is possible and exhibit a basic tolerance and acceptance of inequality associated with social class. Symbols of Social Stratification. The upper-class can be signified by expensive clothes, motor vehicles, and homes. In particular, the economic value of housing and other real estate properties varies greatly across different suburbs in all cities. However, class is not always evident from clothes, cars, and living circumstances. Middle-class people from economically wealthy backgrounds may mask their prosperity according to fashion, choice, or participation in particular subcultures. Young people such as students may dress to mimic imagined styles valued for their symbolic rejection of wealth, and some working-class families go into debt to purchase expensive cars and other commodities. Patterns of speech, consumption patterns associated with entertainment and the arts, and participation in certain sports may be useful indicators of class. SOCIALIZATION Infant Care. Child rearing varies considerably with the country of origin, class background, the education and occupation of the parents, and the religious group to which a family belongs. While most practices are aimed at developing a responsible and independent child, Aboriginal and many migrant families tend to indulge young children more than do most Anglo-Celtic parents. Some ethnic groups supervise their young more strictly than the dominant Anglo-Celtic population, encouraging them to mix only with family and friends, be dependent on the family, and leave decision making to the parents. Child Rearing and Education. Mothers are the preferred primary caretakers, although fathers are taking increasing responsibility for child care. In the past mothers were not as isolated in their child care responsibilities, receiving help from older children, extended kin, and neighbors. The reduction in family and household size in recent years has meant that the burden of care falls largely on mothers. There is significant variation in ideas about good parenting, reflecting the diverse cultural values and traditions of parents ethnic background. Higher Education. Higher education is considered to offer the best employment opportunities. Consequently, tertiary education has become more widely available and is undertaken by an increasingly larger proportion of the population. It is available in two forms: universities and institutions of technical and further education (TAFE). In 1992, 37 percent of women and 47 percent of men received post-school qualifications, and 12.3 percent of the labor force held university degrees in 1993. Universities also attract substantial numbers of overseas students. The government is responsible for funding most universities and institutions, with increasing contributions being made by students in the form of fees and postgraduation tax payments. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS New technologies create new products and new processes. Technology can reduce costs, improve quality and lead to innovation. These developments can benefit consumers as well as the organisations providing the products. Two organizations support most of Australian government research and development. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), headquartered in Melbourne and founded in 1926, is an independent government agency that supports research and development in all fields of the physical and biological sciences except defense science, nuclear energy, and clinical medicine. The Defense Science and Technology Organization (DSTO), headquartered in Canberra, supports military research and development by providing scientific and technological assistance to the Australian Defence Force and Department of Defence. Several issues dominate current Australian science and technology policy: the concentration of research and development in national research centers; tensions among and between university researchers over allocation of research and development funding resources; effective communication between industry, government, and university researchers; the growing role which industry is playing in support of national research and development; and the role which Australia is playing in international science and technology collaboration. High-technology exports totaled $1.5 million in 1998. Government funds about 55% of all research and development and industry about 40%. In 1996, there were 73 agricultural, medical, scientific, and technical professional associations and societies, the foremost of which is the Australian Academy of Science, founded in 1954 by royal charter. The Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering was founded in 1976. The Australian Science and Technology Council (ASTEC) provides an independent source of counsel for the Australian Prime Minister; its role was augmented in 1986 by the creation of a post for a Minister Assisting the Prime Minister with portfolio for science and technology. Environmental factors: Environmental factors include the weather and climate change. Changes in temperature can impact on many industries including farming, tourism and insurance. With major climate changes occurring due to global warming and with greater environmental awareness this external factor is becoming a significant issue for firms to consider. The growing desire to protect the environment is having an impact on many industries such as the travel and transportation industries (for example, more taxes being placed on air travel and the success of hybrid cars) and the general move towards more environmentally friendly products and processes is affecting demand patterns and creating business opportunities. The Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act of 1974 establishes procedures for ensuring that environmental impact is considered in governmental decision making. The Whale Protection Act of 1981 prohibits killing, capturing, injuring, or interfering with a whale, dolphin, or porpoise within Australias 200 mi economic zone or, beyond the zone, by Australian vessels and aircraft and their crews. The Environment Protection (Nuclear Codes) Act of 1978 mandates the development of uniform safety standards for uranium mining and milling and for the transport of radioactive materials. The Protection of the Sea (Discharge of Oil from Ships) Act of 1981 and the Protection of the Sea (Prevention of Pollution from Ships) Act of 1983 prevent or limit pollution from oil or noxious substances. Water being a scarce resource in Australia, problems of water quality and availability are a constant concern. As of 2001, the country had only 352 cu km of renewable water resources, although safe drinking water was available to all urban and rural dwellers. A cause for concern has been the increased salinity in the Murray Valley, caused by diverting water inland from the coast for irrigation, as well as the rise in saline water tables in Western Australia, due to excessive land clearing for dry-land farming. Another significant environmental problem is inland damage due to soil erosion. The quality of the soil is also affected by salinization. As of 1993, Australia had 145 million hact. of forest and woodland and had the third most extensive mangrove area in the world, covering over one million ha. LEGAL FACTORS These are related to the legal environment in which firms operate. The introduction of age discrimination and disability discrimination legislation, an increase in the minimum wage and greater requirements for firms to recycle are examples of relatively recent laws that affect an organisations actions. Legal changes can affect a firms costs (e.g. if new systems and procedures have to be developed) and demand (e.g. if the law affects the likelihood of customers buying the good or using the service. Contractual issues Contracts do not have to be in writing on a formal document and signed to be legally binding. The major elements of formation of a contract are offer and acceptance; consideration; intention to create legal relations and certainty of terms. Thus, provided these elements are met, a contract may be construed via exchange of e-mails, scribbling on the back of a docket or even verbal exchanges. Compliance with government sanctions and regulations Exporters should be aware that Australia maintains United Nations Security Council sanctions and bilateral sanctions in respect of a number of countries. These sanctions require Australian organisations and individuals to comply with a range of measures and, in general, also apply extraterritorially to Australian nationals overseas. Sanctions may include export and import restrictions, prohibitions of technical assistance, training and financing, travel sanctions, and financial sanctions against specific persons and entities. Dealings with terrorists what the Australian business community should know   The Government has passed laws making it a criminal offence to hold assets that are owned or controlled by terrorist organisations or individuals, or to make assets available to them, punishable by up to five years imprisonment. In addition to the Consolidated List, the Australian Government also maintains a list of groups that are proscribed as terrorist organisations under the Criminal Code. Australian companies need to ensure that they have checked the credentials of overseas partners and buyers. Australian companies also need to be aware that there are scam operations working in some markets and again this emphasises the need to conduct background checks. Before signing or accepting contracts, it is in your interests to seek professional legal advice from legal firms specializing in international work. PORTERS DIAMOND MODEL Porters Diamond Factor Model (DFM) is a theoretical framework that achieved prominence in Australian economic policy development since its inception in 1990. Despite its widespread adoption, however, Australia has remained significantly below the OECD average in terms of its industrial clusters contributions to innovation and real wealth creation. In order to conceptualise the specific role that Porters DFM might play in the Australian policy development context, this paper analyses the 25-year history of the interaction between the Tasmanian state government and the Tasmanian Light Shipbuilding Industry cluster. This analysis provides an insight into the set of government roles that facilitated the development of one of Australias most internationally competitive industry clusters, and proposes a reconceptualisation of Porters DFM that will potentially increase its value as a predictive tool for regional economic development Factor conditions: These are the economists traditional factors of production: land, labor, capital, and infrastructure. Demand conditions: The characteristics of the domestic market, including the size, demand, value, and sophistication. Related supporting industries: The presence of suppliers and supporting industries that are equally competitive and of high quality. Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry: The regulatory and other governmental environment in which companies are created, organized, and managed, including the nature of the domestic competition. Since the 1970s, the onrush of globalisation in Australias markets has presented significant economic policy challenges to the countrys federal and state governments. A major concern for Australian legislators was the question of making a nation previously protected by a fortress of tariffs and subsidies more productive and competitive in world markets. One theoretical framework that achieved prominence in Australian economic policy development was Porters Industrial Cluster Theory (ICT). Porters ICT proposes that for a region to increase its innovative capacity and export earnings, its government must interact to develop a sustainable array of internationally competitive industry clusters . Porters ICT argues that a nations industry clusters will likely be internationally competitive if a synergistic interrelationship exists between four Diamond Factor variables (i.e. Factor Conditions, Local Demand Conditions, Related and Supporting Industries, and Firm Strategy, Structure and Riva lry) and the two influencing roles of Chance Events and Government for a discussion of the Diamond Factor Model (DFM) that underpins ICT. The role of government in the stage of cluster life cycle: The first was the state governments initial non committal stance towards the development of the states burgeoning shipbuilding industry. At the time, the governments policy focus was primarily on the macro-economic restructuring of the states economy away from its dependence on hydro-industrialisation , and not the growth requirements of the potential industry cluster. The second key role was the state governments development of the regions reputation within the broader domestic maritime market as a national centre for maritime research. The Tasmanian government implemented a series of lobbying initiatives that resulted in the federal government providing additional funding to the Australian Maritime College and relocating its national maritime research institute (the CSIRO) to Hobart. These state government lobbying efforts were largely aimed at the federal government rather than the private sector, but their success had implications for the regions Factor Conditions, Related and Supporting Industry, and Local Demand Conditions. The regional economys factor conditions were advanced by developing the regions supply of human capital through both the generation of specialised employment and education within the broader industry. The Tasmanian governments enhancement of the regions reputation helped to develop the demand conditions faced by the private sector shipbuilding firms, most significantly in the from of customers ready to import their products from interstate. Competitive advantage of Australia: Instant access to high technology Given the proven track record of Future Materials partners, together with our highly skilled, experienced team of professionals, Australian companies now have easy access to the kind of services and equipment previously difficult to attain. For instance: Materials characterization and evaluation Problem solving, such as investigating contaminants and materials failures. Studies and testing on coatings, thin films and surface modifications. Expert and independent opinion in litigation and IP matters. Collaborative research aiding the development of new products and processes. Also, The governments policy focus was primarily on the macro-economic restructuring of the states economy away from its dependence on hydro-industrialisation , and not the growth requirements of the potential industry cluster.